Water, and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all. The direct and indirect costs and charges associated with securing water must be affordable, and must not compromise or threaten the realization of other Covenant rights.
The right to seek, receive and share information about water matters.
Water and water facilities and services must be accessible to all, including the most vulnerable or marginalized sections of the population, in law and in fact, without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds.
Water and water facilities and services must be accessible within, or in the immediate vicinity, of each household, educational institution and workplace.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
States shall recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the best attainable state of physical, mental and spiritual health. This includes provision of adequate nutrition, safe drinking water, and proper sanitation.
The water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses
Water from an improved source where collection time does not exceed 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.
Use of an improved sanitation facility that is not shared with other households, but where excreta is not safely managed (disposed of in situ or treated off-site).
The ability of a water or sanitation system or community to quickly and efficiently anticipate, absorb, and recover from the effects of climate change, including both acute shocks (floods, droughts) and chronic stresses (changing rainfall patterns, rising temperatures).
Systematic assessment of climate hazards (present and future), exposure of water and sanitation systems to those hazards, and vulnerability of populations dependent on those systems, informing all new infrastructure planning and retrofitting.
Water and sanitation facilities designed and constructed with adaptive features including source water protection, energy efficiency, disaster preparedness, and flexibility to accommodate changing climate conditions.
Water, sanitation and hygiene systems that are designed, built, and operated on the basis of climate risk analysis; that can withstand and recover from climate shocks and stresses; and that ensure continuous, reliable, safe, equitable, and affordable water and sanitation service delivery.
Water security and access must be understood in the context of climate change impacts, requiring climate-adaptive infrastructure, source protection, and recognition of water's role in climate resilience.
Five additional criteria that ensure human rights principles are integrated into water and sanitation service delivery: non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact, and sustainability.
Water which is intended for human consumption, in all its public, commercial, and private uses (drinking, cooking, food preparation, food processing, domestic hygiene, etc.)
Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment.
Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels.
Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water.
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.
Water management as a financial asset whose value is managed on the financial markets, and in particular on the futures markets, under the speculative logic and strategies that dominate this type of market, with large banks and institutional investors as the main players
Approximately 884 million people lack safe drinking water and 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation, representing a critical global health and human rights crisis.
A device to contain, transport or regulate the flow of water to facilitate handwashing with soap and water in the home
The right to sanitation entitles everyone to have physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure, and socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and ensures dignity, without discrimination.
Safe and clean drinking water and sanitation are recognized as essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights; water and sanitation constitute integral components of the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to health, and other human rights.
Facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact, including flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks, pit latrines with slabs, and composting toilets.
Water derived from piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collection, or packaged/delivered water.
Water supplied as drinking water or used for cooking and food preparation; water used in food and beverage production; water used for domestic hygiene purposes.
A watercourse, parts of which are situated in different States.
Water from an improved source where collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.
Use of an improved sanitation facility that is shared with other households.
The human right to water and sanitation encompasses: accessibility, quality, affordability, availability, acceptability, privacy, and dignity.
The normative content of the human right to water and sanitation comprises five core criteria that all service provision must meet: availability, accessibility, quality/safety, affordability, and acceptability.
No sanitation facility, including disposal of human excreta in fields, forests, bushes, bodies of water, or other open spaces.
Drinking, personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, personal and household hygiene. These constitute the minimal threshold for meeting the right to water.
States have an obligation to progressively realize water and sanitation rights through maximum available resources, measured against benchmarks of accessibility, quality, affordability, availability, acceptability, and equal treatment.
Hygienic sanitation facilities that are accessible to children, provide privacy and dignity, and are culturally appropriate for African communities.
Water is a public good that cannot be left to market forces alone; it requires public stewardship, protection from commodification, and governance that prioritizes human needs over commercial profit.
Water must be safe and free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person's health
The water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person's health. Water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each personal or domestic use.
Wholesomely and cleanly produced water meeting microbiological, chemical, and radiological standards specified in the Directive, free from contamination that poses a health risk.
Everyone is entitled to have physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure, and socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and ensures dignity
The right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights
Potable water that is safe for human consumption, free from contamination, and accessible to children in household and community settings, particularly in rural and marginalized areas.
Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination
Drinking water from an improved water source that is accessible on premises, available when needed, and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination (from arsenic and fluoride).
Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite
Excreta from an improved sanitation facility is safely disposed of in situ or removed and treated off-site, and the facility is not shared with other households.
Sanitation facilities and services must be affordable for all, without compromising access to other essential services and rights.
Facilities and services must be socially and culturally acceptable, providing privacy and ensuring dignity.
Sanitation facilities must be physically available and reachable within safe distances in all spheres of life, including household, workplace, schools, and public spaces.
Facilities must be safe, hygienic, secure, and free from environmental health hazards.
Safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water for all.
Safe, clean, accessible and affordable sanitation for all.
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
By 2030, improve water quality and reduce pollution, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, and reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and pollution.
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.
Water and sanitation rights extend beyond household use to public spaces, schools, workplaces, healthcare facilities, and informal settlements, recognizing that dignity and health require access across all dimensions of daily life.
Sanitation rights apply across all spheres of life, including household, school, workplace, public spaces, and healthcare facilities.
States must implement measures to provide safe water and sanitation, particularly to rural and disadvantaged areas, addressing regional disparities and prioritizing vulnerable populations including children.
The State bears primary responsibility to preserve freshwater resources for essential human uses (drinking, sanitation, food production), preventing private appropriation, speculation, and financial manipulation.
Water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, or irrigation canal.
Water and sanitation service delivery powered by renewable energy sources (solar, wind) ensuring reliable operation under climate impacts while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.
Include food and nutrition, housing, access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, safe and healthy working conditions, and a healthy environment.
Facilities that do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact, including pit latrines without slabs, bucket toilets, and hanging latrines.
Water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring.
Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good. Past failure to recognise the economic value of water has led to wasteful and environmentally damaging uses of the resource. Managing water as an economic good is an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources
Freshwater and aquatic ecosystems are vital common goods essential for human survival, coexistence, and social cohesion. Water must be accessible to all but not appropriable by any single entity or profit-driven interest.
Water delivered through a pipe or container system serving populations in public and private networks, ensuring reliable access to quality water.
A system of surface waters and ground waters constituting by virtue of their physical relationship a unitary whole and normally flowing into a common terminus.
A State in whose territory part of an international watercourse is situated.
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